Understanding The Resource Based View Concept Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1981 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Resource-based view (RBV) is a modern and promising concept that provides insights on both strategic and organisational matter. It is a manner of viewing the organisation and in turn of approaching strategy (Powell, 2007). Sustainable competitive advantages happen when a firm is executing a value-creating strategy that is not being executed by rivals and when these rivals are unable to replicate the benefits of this strategy (Henry, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Understanding The Resource Based View Concept Business Essay" essay for you Create order The achievement of sustainable competitive advantage can be anticipated to lead to higher performance measured in terms such as market-share and profitability (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Thus, the main purpose of this critique is to determine whether resource based view analysis has a strong relationship with firms performance in attaining a sustainable competitive advantage. It is also to discuss the merits and demerits of RBV as the best strategy route in the development of a firms strategy and strengths and weaknesses of the RBV analysis in achieving competitive advantage and the contribution to firm-level value creation. 2.0 Body 2.1 Discussion In the dynamic environment faced by several firms, market positioning can become obsolete quickly because of new innovations, process enhancement and competitive environments. To compete successfully in these markets, it is said that organisations need to constantly craft new sources of competitive advantage (Powell and Thomas, n.d.) In order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and good performance, it is said that resource based view theory is essential (Klein, 2011). RBV underlines the internal capabilities of an organisation in creating strategy to attain sustainable competitive advantage in its market and industries (Henry, 2008). RBV claims that organisations achieve and sustain competitive advantages by deploying valuable capabilities and resources that are inelastic in supply (Ray, Barney and Muhanna, 2004). Competitive advantage happens only in a situation of resource heterogeneity, diverse resources across organisations and resource immobility, the incapability of competing organisations to gain resources from other firms (Madhani, P.M., 2009). Given that competitive advantage occurs in a situation of resource heterogeneity, organisations should have some basic threshold resources in order to battle in the market (Andersen, J., 2011). A division should to be made between capabilities (resources or competences) that are at a threshold level and those that might assist the firms to achieve competitive advantage and higher performance. Threshold resources are significant but it does not of themselves generate competitive advantage or the source of higher performance. These are dependent on a firm having distinctive capabilities that rivals will find it complicated to replicate (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008). It is held that RBV can be used to discover if the organisation have any strategic resources which can be utilised to base the firms strategy on. However, according to RBV, not each and every resources of an organisation will b e strategic resources. If managers can recognise these resources, it permits them to cherish it. Besides that, managers in low performing organisation may exploit the RBV to discover resources that are deficient and inspect if it can be alternate or replicate these resources (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Strategic assets offer the organisation with a source of stable stream of rents so that it achieves a sustained competitive advantage over its competitors. Barney proposes that such advantages depend in a critical way, on the resource endowments controlled by the firm. Hence, it is the stock of strategic assets that are significant in determining the organisation profitability level. Moreover, managers should highlight on the utilisation of already controlled resources to attain economic rents for the organisation (Kochhar, 1997). 2.2 Comparison of RBV and Porters analysis RBV is constantly seen as a substitute to Porters five forces framework. Porters framework generally emphasises on the external impact on strategy execution and it assist organisation to examine the five forces in an industry. The core disagreement is that the theory deals with the success of the industries instead of individual organisation. Hence, it does not assist firms to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. In contrast, RBV implies that organisations must place their self deliberately based on their unique, valuable and matchless resources and capabilities. Resources and capabilities are more lasting compared to markets and goods. Thus, resources and capabilities can be considered as a platform for an organisation to develop diverse goods for diverse market. So, leveraging capabilities and resources across many markets and goods becomes the strategic driver instead of targeting particular products for particular markets as in Porters analysis (Trainmor-knowmore, 2008) 2.3 Merits and demerits of RBV as the best strategy development of a firms strategy According to Connor (2002), RBV is an important, crucial and an inside-out management theory that is functional in developing victorious strategy. One of the merits of RBV as the best strategy route in development of an organisations strategy is RBV strategy recognises and highlights on the importance of resources in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. It focuses on the capability and efficiency of internal resources. Tangible and intangible resources are integrated with RBV. The RBV of strategy also crafts a framework for the management to think about their strength and weakness, understand marketing problems that aids to improve organisations performance (Falkenreck, 2010). RBV is also useful in understanding the nature of internal resources and their optimal exploitation (Connor, 2002). Although there are merits of RBV, it is not without demerits. The general demerit of RBV is RBV does not address the vital issues of how resources can created and change over time. So me researchers also have argued that RBV of strategy lacks in detail hence it is quite difficult to implement in an organisation (Henry, 2008). 2.4 Why do some firms outperform and maintain their competitive advantages over others? Advancement in strategy basically relies on how good the field responds to the question Why do a number of firms outperform others? and other corollary questions like, How do organisations penetrate into a spot where they can outperform others? and How can organisation uphold this spot? The RBV is a brilliant means for explaining why some firms outperform others (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). It suggests primary approach on why organisations with valuable, rare, inimitable, and well structured resources may benefit from high performance (Barney, 1995). Distinctive competencies are one of the traits of an organisation that permit it to practice a strategy more effectively and efficiently than other organisations (Barney and Arikan, 2001). However, a firms competence is merely distinctive when they emanate from traits which others do not have. For it to be sustainable, the traits must continue over time. One of the distinctive competencies is general management competence. General mana gers can have a major impact on the strategies an organisation choose and on the capability of the organisation to execute the strategies it created. It is argued that naturally organisations that comprise of good quality general managers will generally outperform organisations that comprise of low quality general managers. Thus, choosing and training good quality general managers is the essential strategic option for an organisation (Barney and Arikan, 2001). Organisations with distinctive competencies have power that may facilitate them to get hold of high performance and leaders as creative thinker and organisation builders instead of a decision makers and administrators. These would be the important source for a firm to outperform others (Selznick, 1957). A firms ability to innovate fruitfully is also a form of distinctive competencies which is sustainable and appropriable. For example, a firm can produce innovative products such as Apple with i-tunes and i-pod. In a survey to d iscover 50 most innovative companies around the world, it is revealed that Apple got the third place. Apples unrivalled innovation in product function and design is verifying that it is hard for competitors to chase. Both these competencies allows firm to outperform others (Henry, 2008). Besides that, core competence is also a trait for organisation that permits it to outperform and maintain competitive advantage over others (Barney and Arikan, 2001). Core competencies is known as the combined learning of the organisation, particularly how to synchronize various production ability and assimilate numerous streams of technology (Zubac, Hubbard and Johnson, 2010). A core competence should offer broad access to variety of markets, create important contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end products and should be hard for rivals to imitate (Henry, A., 2008). Organisation that has core competencies will regularly realise that it is less complex to achieve competitive ad vantages. Thus, if an organisation wants to achieve high performance, its managers need to consider the activities that the organisation desires to engage into and the kinds of resources the organisation needs to exploit to permit those activities to take place as well as the assets and capabilities that an organisations managers have to manage (Barney and Arikan, 2001). Toyota is able to outperform other competitors because of its core competence. Its core competence develops from its capability to combine core competencies across the whole organisation. Toyota is delighted with its victory of its Prius, an electric-and-petrol hybrid car that has sold well in America. Its rivals such as General Motors, BMW and Ford are trying hard to produce their own hybrid car. However, Toyota believes that with practice they can master the fuel-saving technologies faster than its competitors. While the competitors try to integrate hybrid engines in their cars, Toyota is trying to cut the price o f the engines in half to make it harder for the competitor (Henry, 2008). 2.5 Strengths and weaknesses of RBV analysis in achieving competitive advantage and the contribution to firm-level value creation For organisations resources to achieve sustained competitive advantage, it is stated that the resources need to be valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (Powell and Thomas, n.d.) Thus, if an organisations resources possess these characteristics, it allows the organisation to enter into new market and add value to the customers such as Toyotas hybrid car and Apples I-pod (Henry, 2008). This is one of the strengths of RBV analysis in achieving competitive advantage and the contribution to firm-level value creation. Furthermore, firms focusing on RBV have potential that permit them to produce at lower cost which will lead them to the benefit of focusing on cost-leadership strategy or create a better goods or service at standard cost compared to other firms with lower capabilities which leads them to focus on differentiation strategy (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008). The main critique of the RBV is that though it offers a theory of sustainability, it is not a con cept of value creation. If it is true, the usefulness of RBV as a strategic tool will be challenged (Sheehan and Foss, 2007).The RBV is mainly recognition of the uniqueness that resources have to generate rents in balance. This somewhat leave out the concern with process of crafting strategic resources through innovation and similar creative act or restoring such resources (Matthews, 2006). How should resources be pooled, in which proportions, quantity, sequence, etc. to yield value? These are vital implementation matters that are not considered in RBV (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the existence of strategic resources is adequate to establish the potential for competitive advantage. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between resources and performance. The important elements of RBV of an organisation are the organisations main resources and the responsibility of management in changing these resources into situation of sustainable competitive advantage leads to superior performance in the marketplace (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). It is stated that RBV suits the best in a static or predictable context (Zubac, Hubbard and Johnson, 2010). Some research revealed that the RBV can be used at the level of the strategic group and the industry as well as the organisation (Fahy, 2000). RBV definitely has vast potential for assisting managers and organisations to improve their practices and performance (Klein, 2011). The flexibility of this framework makes it fairly adaptable to specific organisation or industrys situations (Stephane, 2007). Industries s uch as financial services are example of where sustainable advantages are hard to achieve and competitive moves are replicated quickly (Fahy and Smithee, 1999). As organisations industry environments have become unstable, thus the internal resources and capabilities have been suggested as a securer base for crafting strategy instead of external market focus (Grant, 2005).

Environmental Damage Due to Development Has Affected...

TOPIC: Environmental Damage Due to Development Has Affected Tourism in the Caribbean: Inevitable. Audience: Faculty of built environment and tourism management students. PURPOSE: To convince students that environmental damage is inevitable and precautionary measures should be taken to lessen this problem to ensure that the Caribbean keeps it title as a â€Å"tourist destination†. THESIS: Within in the Caribbean environmental damage is inevitable and one should focus on minimizing the effects of progress, change and advancement and take precautionary measures to lessen the potential damage which can occur and decrease the arrivals of visitors to the Caribbean. CLAIMS: I. The improvement to people’s standard of living, infrastructure and†¦show more content†¦Thus sing sustainable architecture to promote tourism while being environmental friendly C. Through the promotion of environmental awareness and encouraging the idea of being green and sustainable with a long term environmentally friendly development plan which facilitates economic growth also however because many of the Caribbean islands are small the issue is finding the suitable balance between sustainable development and economic prosperity while making the Caribbean the focal point for tourism development . REFERENCES Development and Environment Issues with Special Reference to Gandhian Perspective. Dr. Kavita Y. Suchak. (PhD). http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/environment.htm Dohan, John. â€Å"Recession: How Deep?† World Link. March/April 1991: 10-12. A Guide for the Survival of Humankind, and Improving the World, Society, and Yourself! Economic Profit versus Environmental Safety. http://www.philforhumanity.com/Economic_Profit_versus_Environmental_Safety.html Economic Development vs. the Environment Summary: Is the economic development of developing countries more important than protecting the environment? Author: The Debatabase Book (UnitedShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Social and Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on the Caribbean.2527 Words   |  11 Pageswhich cause great damage by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its own resources as there is a need for outsider assistance in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are natural phenomena that are potential threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide. 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Disasters and Emergencies Earthquakes and Floods

Question: Discuss about theDisasters and Emergenciesfor Earthquakes and Floods. Answer: Introduction A disaster refers to a situation which occurs and results to disruptions of the normal activities, hence causing damage to the affected people. On the other hand, an emergency occurs as a result of a disaster. It is a state where by normalcy is disrupted to avert or take care of an on already existing disaster. Recently the world is faced with numerous disasters and hazards that are posing threats to human life, and countrys development(Quaranntel, 2008). This paper will address the causes of emergency and disaster situations and identify resources and strategies that could be utilized to reduce and manage the risks associated with these conditions. Causes of Disasters and Emergency Disasters are caused by either natural causes or human factors. Natural factors are beyond human control. Examples of natural factors which are disastrous are earthquakes, floods, hurricanes among others. Examples of natural disasters that have struck the world are the tsunami that struck Japan on March 2011 and spread through the Pacific and the Katrina hurricanes that caused the most damage in the US. The Boxing Day earthquake in Sumatra, Indonesia which resulted in strong water waves (tsunami) that left more than 230,000 people dead, and destroyed millions of properties and people livelihoods in 10 countries. A natural disaster is beyond human control, and in most cases, its very hard to control, since there may be no signs of the disaster striking(Blaikie, 2003). On the other hand, there are other disasters which are caused by human activities, for instances fires, which can result from oil spillage. Also, there are disasters resulting from environmental degradation. For example, droughts and famine which result to the death of many. Environmental degradation has as well greatly contributed to climatic changes, and as a result, most countries are already feeling the impacts of global warming, which are causing health and ecological disasters as was witnessed in 2003 in the European heat wave which killed thousands of people (Wilson, 2010). Emergencies are as a result of primary effects of disasters. Its in an attempt to avert the disaster from more damage. Either after it has already stricken or before it even strikes in case it shows signs of occurring. A primary disaster, for instance, is an emergency medical attention to several people injured during a mudslide or earthquakes or even from the fire. Secondary emergencies, on the other hand, are not directly linked to the disaster though they result from the extreme effects of disasters. For instance, a mudslide that can lead to breakage of sewers and hence disease outbreak which calls for emergency actions(Schepher-Pines, 2005). Framework and Plans for Emergency and Disaster Reduction As a result of the numerous changes taking place worldwide, many nations have resolved to form a framework for addressing the disasters and the arising emergencies. Since the year 2004when a great tsunami struck Asia, the nations realized the need to have effective strategies in place in case a disaster occurs, especially with the unpredictable nature of disasters. As a result, there is increased international cooperation because disasters know no borders. Countries have partnered to form multilateral and bilateral firm partnership as a strategy to reduce risks caused by emergencies as well as by the natural or human-related disasters. Many global countries have resolved into integrating the disaster reduction initiatives with their MDGs. There has also been a rise in the setting up of regional platforms to address the challenge of disasters and emergencies both at regional and at the international levels(McEntire, 2000). Countries have resolved into holistic strategies of dealing with the disaster challenges. There is, for instance, the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), formed in the year 2015, by the World Conference on Disaster Reduction. The framework aimed at strengthening the global goals of development and the disasters and risk reduction strategies. The framework has three main strategic goals; Integrating the disaster prevention plans with the overall sustainable development plans and policies. Systematically incorporate the risk reduction strategies to the implementing of disasters and emergency preparedness recovery programs as well as with the necessary responses. Develop and strengthen the institutions, available mechanisms, and the global capacities to create resilience towards hazards and disasters. Additionally, there is also the Gleneagles 2005 summit, which is a strategy in which the countries who are members of the G-8 commit themselves to offer all possible support to countries prone to disasters. There are also driven by the desire and motive of sharing information and knowledge regarding hazards and risk management, giving warnings to areas which are susceptible to disasters. The G-8 countries work hand in hand with the World Bank and the UN, as well as with all the other willing development banks and the developing nations, to help address the issue of risk management. The Hyogo Framework for Action and the G-8 are existing platforms with a driving, and of reducing occurrences of emergencies, they encourage bilateral and multilateral partnership, also advocate for regional countries community-based preparedness and efficient, responsive plans in efforts to mobilize the community to have effective responses to disasters(Dynes, 1994). Additionally, still on disasters reduc tion efforts, the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is undergoing numerous to act as a strategic tool for implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action to be used by all the stakeholders, both the UN and non-UN contributors and through an efficient building of infrastructure and housing stocks. Its not possible. The Kyoto Protocol Climate Conference held in 1997 came up with plans for reducing risks caused by climatic changes resulting from industrial activities in developed countries. The countries developed an overall framework for cutting greenhouse gases emissions. The US promised to stabilize its emissions while the European Union promised a 15% decrease. During the conference, the agreed framework would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions(Aldrich Meyer, 2015). Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Emergency Situations and Disasters Disaster management should be treated as a holistic process involving all the sectors of development. It calls for an active planning and broad investments, failure to which significant losses will be incurred if a disaster hits a country. Some disasters are manageable hence there should be a collective measure by the regions which are susceptible to certain disasters. Below are some strategies that countries can put in place to help reduce the risk of disasters and emergency occurrences. Country level advocacy on risk reduction; the World Bank has a set up natural disaster hotspots known as the Global Risk Analysis, which will help identify the disasters susceptible regions and countries. This will help the countries being in prepared for the kind of disasters that can strike their region. If countries are aware of the imminent risks, they will be in a better position to put in place effective risk avoidance measures hence the occurrence of the disaster may be prevented or the impacts minimized. The World Bank in collaboration with other international bodies has come up with the several tools which help in risk management. What the countries should do is they should get the risk management tools and distribute them across their Ministries of Planning, Finance and Disaster Management; this will increase their level of preparedness towards disasters(Neumayer, 2007). Country-level hazard risks and poverty assessment; to ensure that poverty implementation strategies are sustainable the government should consider incorporating hazard risk assessment and reduction strategies of the region. Hazard risk assessment policies incorporate the hazard mapping, protecting economic and social developments as well as activities from danger through incentivization alleviate poverty without managing risks, since no matter the developments a disaster can bring them down in a day(Neumayer, 2007). Countries should make use of existing poverty elimination strategies to measure the levels of risks and disasters vulnerability. Identification of poverty causes can help identify the specific disasters that recurrently affect the prone areas, and this will ease the risk reduction process as they are already known which disaster to deal with. Sectorial risk management strategy; the impacts of a disaster impact negatively on all sectors. This, therefore, means that to overcome risks and disasters, countries should ensure they have specific strategies for all the sectors; this will help reduce the overall damage and losses incurred when a disaster strikes. These strategies include; Human resource development; to successfully overcome risks its important to educate the general public of the various disasters that exists, especially the human-related disasters, many human-related disasters occurs as a result of lack of knowledge of the dangers that their activities can lead into. For example, great fires have been caused by oil spillages; this means that the government should come up with strategies for educating the citizen about disasters. Also, the public should be informed about the disasters that the country is vulnerable to, enlightening them on precautionary measures as well as the best reactions they should turn to in case of emergence of the strike. Its important to alert people on how they should react to fire, floods, earthquakes and other disasters in case they strike. This strategy can help reduce losses and reduce the chances of risk occurrences. Risk management should be introduced in the learning institutions(Maskrey, 2009). Medical education and safety of health facilities; to take care of emergencies in case disasters occur calls for proper strategy inception in the medical sector. Medical practitioners, for example, should be trained on how to handle mass casualties. Managing the vast number of causalities also means that three should go through preparedness to be able to accommodate a large number of disaster victims. It, therefore, means that all the national government should strategically ensure that their medical facilities can handle large masses of casualties in case of a disaster. The Government should as well consider restructuring the health facilities infrastructure to suit the needs of disaster victim if a disaster occurs. This will also help reduce secondary effects of emergency in case an outbreak occurs. The facilities should be strategically built in a way that outbreaks are not easily spread within the hospital premises(Mileti, 1992). Public management capacities and administration enhancement; the Federal government as well as the local civil services like the municipal council play critical role in the creation and implementation of risk reduction strategies. Countries should, therefore, come up with disaster and risk refresher training programs towards the federal officers and the civil service. This will help increase their preparedness to disasters as well as provide them with knowledge of how to prevent risks from occurring. Informing them of the countries vulnerabilities to risks and disasters is also an important strategy of risk reduction and management. The national training policy of every country should strategize on achieving this as part of the public management and administration enactment strategy.The government must priotize provision of adequate capacities in the public management training as there will be an increase in disasters with the increase in population, the higher rates of urbanization, increased environmental degradation, climatic changes among others (Korstanje, 2011). Strengthening decentralization; three local communities and the local governments are responsible for handling emergencies brought up by impending risks and disasters. Their disaster management capabilities significantly affect the extents of damages caused by the risks(Korstanje M. E., 2001). To prevent risks from resulting into disasters, the government should come up with risk adoption and development strategies during the initial planning of the socioeconomic programs of development. Local governments should be given the capacities needed to empower the people on matters of disaster vulnerabilities, and on the various ways of reducing the occurrence of risks(Paul, 2003). Capacity enhancement to the vulnerable groups; when a disaster strikes vulnerable groups is affected most. These calls for a need to ensure risks are reduced on them by all means, the governments and the international group should collectively develop strategies acts as risk mitigation tools to enable the poor, as well as the vulnerable groups, reduce the risk occurrence. There should also be appropriate strategies to assist the post-disaster communities to get back to their lives and offer a quick response to the disasters to reduce the risk of secondary emergencies occurrences. For example, if an area is affected by floods the government should have appropriate strategies put in place to avoid disease outbreaks(Bankoff, 2004,). Strengthening the hydro-meteorological services; there are several disasters which arise as result of climatic and non-climatic hazards. The government should ensure to put in place appropriate strategies to learn of the possible disasters and provide a relevant warning to the people. For example, if mass rainfall is expected which might result to flooding the government should provide a warning to the people living in sloppy and flat areas which may suffer the consequences of the floods(Susanna M. Hoffman, 2002). This will lead to increased levels of preparedness among the people. This, therefore, calls for setting up of climatic risk management strategies which should long term. Vulnerable regions should work in collaboration with the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD) and country teams to develop a framework that will help the country mainstream adaptation means to climate variability and climatic changes(Alexander, 2002). In conclusion, it's evident that many disasters are facing the world today, it, therefore, calls for a common measure to prevent the occurrence of disasters since some are manageable, and reduce risks of those that are not. The international and regional bodies have come up with frameworks and planned to help face these challenges. If these disasters and risks are to be effectively managed, the strategies employed must be collective. At the international level countries in the same region must collectively strategize on how to manage and reduce risks. Also within the country, the government must involve all parties to fight this epidemic together. No one developmental sector can fight disasters on its own. Strategies to help reduce risks and disaster occurrences have also been identified, and its worth noting the list is not exhaustive of all possible strategies. References Aldrich, D. P., Meyer, M. A. (2015). "Social Capital and Community Resilience. American Behavioral Scientis, 254-269. Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management,. Oxford: Principles of Emergency planning and Management, . Bankoff, G. G. (2004,). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People,. Routledge, : ISBN 978-1853839641. Blaikie, P. C. (2003). At Risk Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters, . Wiltshire: Routledge. Dynes, R. (1994). Community Emergency Planning: False Assumptions and Inappropriate Analogies. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 141-158. Korstanje, M. (2011). "The Scientific Sensationalism: short commentaries along with scientific risk perception". E Journalist, 10. Korstanje, M. E. (2001). "Swine Flu in Buenos Aires: Beyond the Principle of Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5973. Maskrey, A. (2009). Disaster Mitigation: A Community-Based Approach. OXFORD: Oxfam. McEntire, D. (2000). Sustainability or invunerable development? Proposals for the Current shift in Paradigms. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 58-61. Mileti, D. a. (1992). The causal sequence of Risk communication in the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction experiment. Risk Analysis, 393-400. Neumayer, E. a. (2007). 'The gendered nature of natural disastersL the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in making disaster risk reduction gender-sensitive: policy and practical guidelines life expectancy 1981-2002'. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 551-566. Paul, B. K. ( 2003). Public Response to Tornado Warnings: a comparative Study of the May 04, 2003 Tornadoes in Kansas, Missouri and Tennessee. Quick Response Research Report, no 165, Natural Hazard Cent. Oxford: University of Colorado. Quaranntel, E. (2008). "Where We Have Been and Where We Might Go", What is a Disaster?: A dozen Perspecrives on the Question,. London: Routledge. Schepher-Pines, L. (2005). Katrina: the disaster and its doubles. Athropology today, 6. Susanna M. Hoffman, S. M.-S. (2002). Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster. School of American Research Press, , 12. Wilson, H. (2010). "Divine Sovereignty and the Global Climate Change debate". Essays in Philosophy, 1-7.

What is Spam Anyway Essay Example For Students

What is Spam Anyway? Essay Ive found when people discuss spam they really have no idea what they aretalking about. There are as many different definitions of spam as there arepeople. In point of fact, this factor alone (not being able to define whatspam is and what it consists of) makes it virtually impossible to control. In order to control spam, a useful definition is necessary. Why? Simple. Inorder to control something, you must know what you are controlling. Whenyou understand the basic facts, then you can take whatever course of actionis necessary. Until you achieve that understanding, you will be shootingblindly at an undefined target. This makes it very difficult to actually doanything useful. So on that note, what kind of definitions for spam work and dont work?Commonly spam is defined as unsolicited email. Unfortunately, thisdefinition by itself is NOT spam and means absolutely nothing. Whats wrongwith it? This definition does not help you solve the problem, and thus isincorrect. If this definition was true, then to prevent spam you would haveto somehow contact a person to ask them if you could send them an email. We will write a custom essay on What is Spam Anyway? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For example, I dont generally call someone on the phone and ask them foran email message. That would be silly. In fact, by definition most email isunsolicited; I dont, for example, expect my wife or a friend to ask me ifits okay to send me a message. Sometimes spam is defined as emails that are from unknown sources. Hmm. This really doesnt work well either. Ill get emails from my website frompeople I dont know these are not spam. Also, sometimes my friends willpass my email address to their friends, who send me email. These are alsonot spam, even though they were from an unknown source and wereunsolicited. How about just plain annoying emails? That seems to be the definition thatmost people have in mind when they mention spam. If the email is annoyingin some manner, and especially if it was unsolicited, it is spam. Thisdefinition probably gets a little closer to the heart of the matter, but itreally doesnt define spam well. What about unsolicited bulk email? This definition gets a little bit closerbut it still doesnt really define spam well. I mean I give my emailaddress to my bank and I really didnt ask them to send me emails (althoughI didnt ask them not to as well). Yet I would not call this spam as I dobusiness with the bank. Their emails might be annoying, but since I have abusiness relationship with the bank I expect them to communicate with meoccasionally. Okay, so what is spam?I like to think of spam as unethical mass email. By this I mean emailswhich violate the netiquette standards of the majority of users of theinternet. Note that by this definition, an individual email sent to a person is notspam. A commercial email, however, is another matter. Even a singlecommercial email might be unethical if it does not follow the rules below. Ethical emails are targeted well towards their audience. Unethical emailsare mass mailings sent out blindly to a large number of people. These are emails that are sent to thousands, tens of thousands, evenmillions of people, hoping against hope that a few dozen will be stupid orgreedy enough to respond. These emails are untargeted and will not pertainto the majority of the recipients. Since the majority of the people readingthe message (usually upwards of 99%) will simply delete it immediately,this makes the mailing unethical. .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .postImageUrl , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:hover , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:visited , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:active { border:0!important; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:active , .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99b409746df8d2976f3f5bb8ebf6408f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Assistance EssayEthical email messages include valid email header information. Thisinformation properly identifies the sender of the message. In addition, allof the other header data in the message is correct. Spam messages often have forged or invalid email headers. This means it isdifficult (if not virtually impossible) to trace the source of the emailbased upon the header information within the email message. Since thesender of the message cannot be identified the message is unethical. Inthis case, even a single email message would count as spam. Ethical mailings include a method for opting out which actually works. If you run a newsletter or do any kind of mass mailing, you must include atleast one method of removal in the email message itself. This removalmethod (and more than one is preferable) MUST WORK. Some things which Ioften see in opt-out schemes which ARE NOT VALID include the following: . Any email message which states that the reader must go to a web site,log in and then modify his email preferences is UNETHICAL. Thisrequires too much information from the user and forces him to do toomuch work. . If the email message includes an unsubscribe link (or other means)which does not work, then it is UNETHICAL. . Messages which validly allow for opt-out but then say you will beremoved in a week or some other long period of time are UNETHICAL. These are computers people, and there is no reason to include theselong delays. Remove the person immediately. Ethical mass mailings are double-opt-in. This means after a person signs upfor the mailing list, he receives a confirmation message. He must eitherreply to this message or click a link to activate the mailings to him. Anyother form of opt-in is UNETHICAL as it allows people to be subscribed byothers or by accident. Ethical mailings do not include webbugs, set cookies or perform any kind ofinvoluntary tracking. Email messages are often opened up by the recipient before he knowsanything about the message. This means if you are doing any kind oftracking, the person has no way to stop it, short of blocking the receiptof the message entirely. This lack of a choice on the part of the recipientmakes this kind of tracking UNETHICAL. The only time this would be ethicalis if it was clearly stated when the user signed up for the mailing. Inthat instance, this behavior is known and this makes it ethical. Note thatwhile the web site privacy policy should state this fact, it must also bestated clearly on the page where the person actually signs up for themailing. Ethical mailers do not use email harvesters. Using special robots to gatheremail addresses from web sites is UNETHICAL. These email addresses aregenerally included on web sites to allow individuals to communicate withindividuals. Rarely is the intention to join a mass mailing listdistributed on CD. ALL USES OF EMAIL HARVESTING IS UNETHICAL. Ethical mailers do not take advantage of open relays or use other spammertricks. If you are legitimate, then there is no need to attempt to hideyour whereabouts or cover your tracks. Using a relay without permission orsending millions of emails through an unprotected formmail script is simplybad manners. Get the idea? Spamming is NOT sending someone one or more email messageswithout their express permission. Spamming is simply ignoring the rights ofothers (your audience, system administrators and even the users of theinternet as a whole). Thats all it is.

Reflections on Sensitive Patient Care essays

Reflections on Sensitive Patient Care essays This assignment is a reflective account of events that that took place on a shift while I was at work as a health care assistant at my workplace. It is an establishment that has enrollment of thirteen pupils, and they are also boarding at their home near the school. I will call the child X to maintain confidentiality. I was on shift and it was lunch time and there was short shortage so I was assigned to assist with lunch and feeding. I was introduced to child X who I had not looked after the therapeutic relationship which is the care giver and care receiver relationship, there is the therapeutic rapport to establish from a sense of trust and a mutual understanding exists between the two that build in a special link of the relationship according to Harkeruder and Hagan (2004). Peplau cited in Harkreader and Hagan (2004) notes that a good contact in a therapeutic relationship builds trust as well as would the patients self- esteem which could lead to personal growth for the patient. Re usch (1961) mentions that the purpose of therapeutic communication, is to improve the patients ability to function. So in-order to establish a therapeutic patient-nurse interaction a nurse must show a caring, sincerity, empathy and trustworthiness. This paragraph will discuss my feelings as the events took place. Before I started feeding her I introduced myself, I tried to build a good rapport with her as I did not want her to feel strange as she was not familiar with me. Child A was on a soft diet as she had difficulty with swallowing. I asked her permission to feed her. She looked at me and looked like a blur, I this situation, I showed emphatic listening as I put myself in her shoes. According to Wold (2004) emphatic listening is about the willingness to understand the other person not just judging the persons fact. I touched her shoulder, kept asking and raised my tone a bit because I was afraid that she was not hearing what I w...

Preondactylus - Facts and Figures

Preondactylus - Facts and Figures Name: Preondactylus (Greek for Preone finger, after the region in Italy where it was discovered); pronounced PRE-on-DACK-till-us Habitat: Shores of southern Europe Historical Period: Late Triassic (215-200 million years ago) Size and Weight: Wingspan of one to two feet and less than a pound Diet: Probably fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Long beak and tail; relatively small size About Preondactylus Gross-out alert: paleontologists have identified two fossils of Preondactylus, one normal and the other not so normal, and both hailing from Italys portion of the Alpian mountain chain. The normal fossil is an imprint of a nearly complete specimen, lacking only part of the head, encased in a 200-million-year-old slab of limestone. The not-so-normal fossil is a wadded-up ball of bones, as if a Preondactylus individual had been gobbled up a prehistoric trash compactor. As far as paleontologists can tell, this ball is what is known as a fish pellet: the unfortunate Preondactylus had been eaten whole by a prehistoric fish, which then vomited out the indigestible bits, including the bones! Now that that unpleasant detail is out of the way, what kind of creature was Preondactylus? Paleontologists have identified this long-tailed, narrow-beaked reptile as one of the most basal (i.e., earliest and least-evolved) pterosaurs in the fossil record, dating to late Triassic southern Europe. Preondactylus was closely related to other early pterosaurs like Rhamphorhynchus and Dorygnathus (hence its classification as a rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur, as opposed to the pterodactyloid pterosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era), and it probably made its living by plucking small fish out of the water (which would explain how that unfortunate individual wound up getting eaten by a fish itself).

Counter Trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Counter Trade - Assignment Example Switch trading as a countertrade assists global financial operations in instances where a company in a given state is short of obligations thereby hindering from making a purchase. Therefore, the company in need of the obligations would do a switch by buying the obligations from another company for it to be able to make a purchase as was observed by Contractor and Lorange (2002). Countertrade is also applied as a global financial operation in the form of a counter purchase. Contractor and Lorange (2002) argue that a counter purchase assists in transferring goods and services from an organization in one country to another in a different country, that promises to make a future purchase of goods from the same company. This form of countertrade enables the company that does not have the products needed to get them from another company that has the same products. This helps the first company to assure its continuity and, therefore, to avoid closure. Countertrade is one way in which techno logy can be exchanged between countries in the form of buybacks according to Contractor and Lorange (2002). A buyback also enables a company to acquire plants, equipments, and receive training easily through countertrade, thereby fostering growth in financial operations. Countertrade is one of the best ways of managing risks. This is because a company that is in need of products and services but is short of hard currency may still manage to acquire products and services through countertrade. This eliminates the dangers that may face the company such as closure. Countertrade is also another way of managing currency risks such as those due to non-convertibility of and fluctuation in currency value. Since countertrade does not involve currency, the business is never affected by the fluctuation in currency or non-convertibility (Trent, 2007). In conclusion, countertrade is one of the

My business part 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My business part 2 - Research Paper Example A business should also plan its overall capacity in order to avoid instances of over or under production. This will ensure that it produces an amount that exactly satisfies the customers’ demands. Statistics employed to measure the quality characteristic in the business Quality in the business is majorly measured by the performance of the business (Venkatraman & Ramanujam, 805). A business is said to have a high quality characteristic when it attracts a large number of customers as compared to its competitors. This is because when the business attracts a large number of customers, then it will imply that the print business is offering quality services. On the other hand, quality of operations will also be determined by the usage of resources and materials. When materials are not economically managed, then the quality characteristic of the business will be assessed as poor (Venkatraman & Ramanujam, 810). Materials need to be handled carefully in order to reduce the costs of ope ration while maximizing the benefits. Effective communication also determines the quality characteristic of the business. This is because when the employees and the management communicate effectively, then it will imply that the flow of work in my print business will be effective too (Naidu, Babu & Rajendra, 30). ... In my print business, one of the key concepts that I will need to address in order to ensure effective capacity is the human factor. Employees need to be well trained, highly skilled and well experienced in order to ensure that they perform their jobs effectively to meet the potential output. Operational factors are also concepts that will determine the effective capacity of the firm (Stevenson, 19). This will involve factors such as inventory management, scheduling of activities, and meeting purchasing requirements effectively. These are factors that will ensure that the firm does not hold excess stocks in the business. This is because; excess stocks result from poor capacity planning and normally lead to excess capacity (Stevenson, 20). Facility factors such as location factors also affect the business considerably. Therefore, when choosing the location of my print business i will have to consider the transport costs. If the area is far from the market, then it will imply that the transport costs will be very high and delivery might delay at times thus, affecting the capacity planning of the business. In addition, I will also consider the labour supply in the area, and effective supply of resources such as water and electricity. Aggregate plan to maintain a competitive advantage To maintain a competitive advantage in the market, the business will have to market its products and services effectively in order to increase awareness and attract more customers. Secondly, the plan will involve proper determination of the prices to be charged. This is because; the business will only be highly competitive when its prices are more competitive compared to the market prices (Naidu,

Utilitarianism - Morality Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Morality Essay The use of utilitarianism when making moral decisions leads to an injustice society, evaluate this claim. The use of utilitarianism is a controversial subject for many people, some believe by using it, it can bring happiness to the majority of society, others say by using utilitarianism it can take away peoples own judgment making our society unjust. Strengths of Bentham’s theory begin with the fact that utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for any particular situation we may find ourselves in. Utilitarianism treats everyone the same, no one gets special treatment due to their emotional or social attachments, and Bentham wanted us to strive for happiness, his principle of utility states the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people. In order to make sure we follow this statement Bentham devised the hedonic calculus as a way of measuring happiness; this name was chosen based on its Greek meaning of pleasure. For many people happiness is an important aspect of decision making as it is their main aim in life, the Hedonic calculus assists us in our moral decision making because it covers all the aspects of happiness for not one but all, the outcome is not bias and takes everyone’s feelings into account, by having happiness as a basis behind how we make decisions it allows us to adopt a flexible relativistic approach to each situation, aiming for the greatest happiness for the greatest number is discourages selfishness which then leads to a better society due to everyone being fair and reasonable. Mel Thompson agreed with Bentham, he said that Act utilitarianism appears to be simple to follow, just aim to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number†. The positive and negative consequences of our actions can be measured. This gives us an objective, independent way of deciding on what is right and wrong. Utilitarianism doesn’t rely on specific beliefs about God; this is helpful to all religious people and the growing number of atheists in our society. Utilitarianism is straight forward and based on the principle of minimising pain and maximising pleasure and happiness, it does not take into account religion, meaning the outcome may be more fair, some religious people have prejudices towards certain minorities meaning that women or homosexuals may be victimised, people who are religious may choose to do something because the bible says it, for example the slave trade was in the bible, but if they had used the hedonic calculus instead of the bible then it wouldn’t of happened, furthermore is would of lead to a just society, another example would be if someone was racist and was about to make a decision about a black person using their mind then the outcome would be unjust, but if they used the hedonic calculus it would lead to justice because the hedonic calculus does not take personal views into account. There are also many weaknesses to Bentham’s theory starting with the idea that some things are unpredictable and we should not base our ethical choices on something that may or may not happen. Utilitarianism has a different strategy when it comes to justice, our normal idea of justice would relate to everyone being treated fairly, utilitarianism allows some people to be sacrificed for the greater good, some people would argue that this in unfair and leads to an unjust society. One of the main weaknesses of Benthams version of Utilitarianism is that there is the potential to justify any act. This is because Benthams version is based, yes on the consequences of an action, but on the pleasure gained from an action. For example, if seven men were walking down an alley and stabbed a girl to death, then according to Benthams device The Hedonic Calculus the amount of the mens pleasure would completely outweigh the amount of the womans pain, and would therefore make the action of killing the women morally right. If you get rid of rules and allow people to choose to act in the greater good, they will actually act selfishly, and then try to justify their actions by claiming they were in the greater good, this would also lead to an unjust society because people would and argue that they were trying to follow the hedonic calculus. Imagine someone killed one healthy person and gave their organs to save 5 others. The balance of happiness over harm supports doing this according to the hedonic calculus, but we know that it is not right, Another argument against utilitarianism would be the idea of happiness and how it differs depending on the individual, happiness is not the same for everyone, one person’s happiness could be meaningless to another, this flaws utilitarianism due to the idea that it predicts that everyone’s idea of happiness is the same. Utilitarianism ignores the motives of actions, so long as the end is good, sexually this could mean that immoral means could be taken to obtain pleasure, so long as the pleasure outweighs any pain. In conclusion all the information shows that utilitarianism can help many people in the situations they may face throughout their life, but altogether does lead to injustice with in society, this is because utilitarianism assumes you can know the definite answer to every decision you make, this would be impossible for any human to achieve, the information leads to a conclusion that can justify evil acts, for example, if eight prison guards find a sense of happiness from beating the prisoners, then their acts of evil will be overlooked if someone was basing their decision on the hedonic calculus because in theory the happiness of the guards will out way the prisoners.

The Innumerable Meanings of Moby Dick Essay -- Moby Dick Essays

The Innumerable Meanings of Moby Dick Call me Ishmael. The first line of this story begins with an assertion of self-identity. Before the second page is reached, it becomes quite clear to me that within this assertion of self-identity lay an enticing universality. Ishmael represents every man somehow and no man entirely. He is an individual in his own right, while personifying a basic human desire for something more, something extraordinary. As his name implies, "he is an outcast from a great family" (p.18). Although we all share Ishmael's yearning for adventure (however deeply hidden it may be), to throw aside our civilization (despite its discontents ) could mean societal suicide. So, we look through his eyes, we cling to his desire, we dream of his escape. This world of ours in all its absurdity is seemingly as vast as an ocean beyond its horizon. Yet with all its opportunity, with all its splendor, we somehow manage to spoil the prospects it so generously offers. We pack ourselves into overcrowded spaces; we cram our brains with bits and pieces of irrelevancy; we herd ourselves along a well-beaten path; we cloud our souls with a veil of conformity. And yet there still remains, somewhere deep inside every one of us, the desire to cast aside restraint and venture into whatever indulgence tugs at our heartstrings and innermost fantasy. For Ishmael this was the sea: "Whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses...then I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can" (p. 18). For Ishmael to remain on shore would mean to "grow hazy about the eyes" and lose sight of what makes him happy, the drive that makes him human- his love of the sea. ... ...story of stories . However, its greatness does not lay in the particular formulation of particular words in particular sentences into particular paragraphs and so forth. As with any great story, Moby Dick is comprised of infinite, multifaceted, and often allusive levels of meaning. What makes a novel great is its interaction with its readers. The degree to which a story remains unguarded and flexible while simultaneously enticing and provoking its readers, is what makes it great. The meanings I find hidden within the text of Moby Dick are unlike any others. Yet, they are mine and mine alone. As in Moby Dick, the innumerable meanings that lie dormant within stories are like ungraspable phantoms. With Moby Dick representing an epitome, the beckoning ungraspable phantoms concealed in stories, are the key to their command. Works Cited: Melville, H. Moby Dick.

Erika Villamante Padiernos Essay

Erika Villamante Padiernos is a second year AB in Language and Literature student from Poblacion Sur, Talavera, Nueva Ecija. She was born on September 2, 1996. She was the eldest among the three daughters of Mr. Ricardo Padiernos, a farmer. And Mrs. Benedicta Padiernos, a public teacher. Erika has always been fond of three things. First, she loves to write. She want to be a part of the league of the most successful writers from the top publishing company here in the Philippines. This has also been her reason why she shifted from CFY AB section to ABLL. She believes that this course could be her stepping stone on her way to her dream of becoming a writer. Second, she loves to read books. She wasn’t picky. She read books from different genre but she enjoyed romance most of the time. And lastly, she loves to watch Korean Dramas. Some of her favorites were Boys Over Flowers, To The Beautiful You, The Winter The Wind Blows and City Hunter. When Erika was asked what particular event she will always remember, she said that it would be her birthday because it was the same day that Nueva Ecija day is celebrated. She finds herself fortunate since her special day turns out to be a holiday every year. It means a lot for her that she could spend it with a complete family at her side. Because for her, family is really important. In fact, she consider it as the most valuable thing she had. When asked why, she simply answered that it was because other people didn’t get a chance to have a complete family. And thinking about that makes her feel very lucky and blessed. Someday, if Erika wouldn’t be a writer that her family would be proud of, she wish to be at least the person that can provide each of their needs. That’s how much she loves them.

Philippines and International Trade Essay

What is International trade? International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and services. In order to understand International trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International Trade simply globalization the world and enable countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlessly and expediently. International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the articipating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the countrys overall economy on a yearly basis. International Trade for the Philippines is available only to chosen business and companies and is declining, because we import more goods than we export, which affects our country’s economy. Economic development in Philippine economy has been because of high government spending. A hard working service sector and large allowance from millions of Filipinos working abroad played an important role in Philippine economic development. Since the former president Macapagal-Arroyo came into power in 2001 there has been an economic growth of 5%. Still, the Philippines need a further increase in growth rate in order to sustain economic growth. More economic development is required to lessen poverty in the country and address imbalances in distribution of income. It also stresses on high population growth. This paper discusses the uncertain economic status of the Philippines, in terms of its stand in the world market, and its relationship with other countries. The need for new investors and lessen unemployment will be the point of discussion.

Classic Hollywood and Preston Sturges Sullivans Travels

Classic Hollywood and Preston Sturges Sullivans Travels "The principles which Hollywood claims as it's own rely on notions of decorum, proportion, formal harmony, respect for tradition, mimesis, self-effecting craftsmanship, and cool control of the perceiver's response - canons which critics in any medium usually call "classical" (Maltby). Through the satirizing of film language and it's processes Sullivan's Travels brings about an awareness of it's own ideology within the framework of Classic Hollywood.The film tells the journey of "Sully," a big time Hollywood director of lightweight comedies wanting to experience suffering in the world before creating his first socially conscious film. In the film Hollywood is accurately depicted as a business of entertainment, producing pleasure for as much financial gain as possible. This in a sense was the "Classic Hollywood" style, with it's organized narrative, continuity script, and structured management and divisions of labor. An example of this Hollywood mindset is best understood in the confli ct between the artist and the studio.J.J. Brady, Ury Woodson, Boetius Sullivan, B.F. Mi...In the film, Hollywood was best represented in Mr. Lebrand as the studio chief who is disinterested in films that teach a moral lesson. The long opening scene in the studio chief's office is a classic Sturges mixture of rapid fire, crisp, driving dialogue and satirical drama. Tired of doing comedies, Sullivan wishes his next film would be more relevant and meaningful "a true canvas of the suffering of humanity":Sullivan: This picture is an answer to Communists. It shows we're awake and not dunking our heads in the sand like a bunch of ostriches. I want this picture to be a commentary on modern conditions, stark realism, the problems that confront the average man.Lebrand: But with a little sexSullivan: A little, but I don't want to stress it. I want this picture to be a document. I want to hold up a...

Punctuation Marks Part 1

Punctuation Marks Part 1 The German word for dot, point or period,  der Punkt, and the English word  punctuation  both have the same Latin source:  punctum  (point). Among many other things that German and English have in common are the punctuation marks they use. And the reason most punctuation marks look and sound the same is that many of the signs and some of the terms, such as   der Apostroph,  das Kommaand  das Kolon  (and English  period, hyphen), are of common Greek origin. The period or full stop (der Punkt) dates back to antiquity. It was used in Roman inscriptions to separate words or phrases. The term question mark (das Fragezeichen) is only about 150 years old, but the ? symbol is much older and was earlier known as the mark of interrogation. The question mark is a descendant of the  punctus interrogativus  used in 10th-century religious manuscripts. It was originally used to indicate voice inflection. (Greek used and still uses a colon/semicolon to indicate a question.) The Greek terms  kà ³mma  and  kà ³lon  originally referred to parts of lines of verse (Greek  strophe, German  die Strophe) and only later came to mean the punctuation marks that demarcated such segments in prose. The most recent punctuation marks to appear were quotation marks (Anfà ¼hrungszeichen)- in the eighteenth century. Fortunately for English-speakers, German generally uses the same punctuation marks in the same way that English does. However, there are some minor and a few major differences in the way the two languages use common punctuation marks. „ Der Bandwurmsatz ist die Nationalkrankheitunseres Prosastils.†Ã‚  - Ludwig Reiners Before we look at the details of punctuation in German, let’s define some our terms. Here are some of the more common punctuation marks in German and English. Since America and Britain are â€Å"two countries separated by a common language† (G.B. Shaw), I have indicated the American (AE) and British (BE) terms for items that differ. SatzzeichenGerman Punctuation Marks Deutsch English Zeichen die Anfhrungszeichen 1Gnsefchen (geese feet) quotation marks 1speech marks (BE) die Anfhrungszeichen 2chevron, franzsische (French) quotation marks 2French guillemets die Auslassungspunkte ellipses dots, ommission marks ... das Ausrufezeichen exclamation mark ! der Apostroph apostrophe der Bindestrich hyphen - der Doppelpunktdas Kolon colon : der Ergnzungsstrich dash - das Fragezeichen question mark ? der Gedankenstrich long dash runde Klammern parentheses (AE)round brackets (BE) ( ) eckige Klammern brackets [ ] das Komma comma , der Punkt period (AE)full stop (BE) . das Semikolon semicolon ; Note:  In German books, periodicals, and other printed materials you will see both kinds of quotation marks (type 1 or 2). While newspapers generally use type 1, many modern books use type 2 (French) marks.    Part 2: Differences German versus English Punctuation In most cases, German and English punctuation are similar or identical. But here are a few key differences: 1. Anfà ¼hrungszeichen  (Quotation Marks) A. German uses two types of quotation marks in printing. â€Å"Chevron† style marks (French â€Å"guillemets†) are often used in modern books: Er sagte:  «Wir gehen am Dienstag. »orEr sagte:  »Wir gehen am Dienstag. « In writing, in newspapers, and in many printed documents German also uses quotation marks that are similar to English except that the opening quotation mark is below rather than above: Er sagte: „Wir gehen am Dienstag.† (Note that unlike English, German introduces a direct quotation with a colon rather than a comma.) In email, on the Web, and in hand-written correspondence, German-speakers today often use normal international quotation marks (â€Å" †) or even single quote marks (‘ ’). B. When ending a quotation with â€Å"he said† or â€Å"she asked,† German follows British-English style punctuation, placing the comma outside of the quotation mark rather than inside, as in American English: „Das war damals in Berlin†, sagte Paul. „Kommst du mit?†, fragte Luisa. C. German uses quotation marks in some instances where English would use  italics  (Kursiv). Quotation marks are used in English for the titles of poems, articles, short stories, songs and TV shows. German expands this to the titles of books, novels, films, dramatic works and the names of newspapers or magazines, which would be italicized (or underlined in writing) in English:   „Fiesta† („The Sun Also Rises†) ist ein Roman von Ernest Hemingway. - Ich las den Artikel „Die Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland† in der „Berliner Morgenpost†. D. German uses single quotation marks (halbe Anfà ¼hrungszeichen) for a quotation within a quotation in the same way English does:   „Das ist eine Zeile aus Goethes ,Erlkà ¶nig’†, sagte er. Also see item 4B below for more about quotations in German. 2. Apostroph  (Apostrophe) A. German generally does not use an apostrophe to show genitive possession (Karls Haus, Marias Buch), but there is an exception to this rule when a name or noun ends in an s-sound (spelled  -s, ss, -ß, -tz, -z, -x, -ce). In such cases, instead of adding an s, the possessive form ends with an apostrophe:  Felix’ Auto, Aristoteles’ Werke, Alice’ Haus.  - Note: There is a disturbing trend among less well-educated German-speakers not only to use apostrophes as in English, but even in situations in which they would not be used in English, such as anglicized plurals (die Callgirl’s). B. Like English, German also uses the apostrophe to indicate missing letters in contractions, slang, dialect, idiomatic expressions or poetic phrases:  der Ku’damm (Kurfà ¼rstendamm), ich hab’ (habe), in wen’gen Minuten (wenigen), wie geht’s? (geht es), Bitte, nehmen S’ (Sie) Platz!  But German does not use an apostrophe in some common contractions with definite articles:  ins (in das), zum (zu dem). 3. Komma  (Comma) A. German often uses commas in the same way as English. However, German may use a comma to link two independent clauses without a conjunction (and, but, or), where English would require either a semicolon or a period:  In dem alten Haus war es ganz still, ich stand angstvoll vor der Tà ¼r.But in German you also have the option of using a semicolon or a period in these situations. B. While a comma is optional in English at the end of a series ending with and/or, it is never used in German:  Hans, Julia und Frank kommen mit. C. Under the reformed spelling rules (Rechtschreibreform), German uses far fewer commas than with the old rules. In many cases where a comma was formerly required, it is now optional. For instance, infinitive phrases that were previously always set off by a comma can now go without one:  Er ging(,) ohne ein Wort zu sagen.  In many other cases where English would use a comma, German does not. D. In numerical expressions German uses a comma where English uses a decimal point:  Ã¢â€š ¬19,95 (19.95 euros)  In large numbers, German uses either a space or a decimal point to divide thousands:  8 540 000 or 8.540.000 8,540,000  (For more on prices, see item 4C below.) 4. Gedankenstrich  (Dash, Long Dash) A. German uses the dash or long dash in much the same way as English to indicate a pause, a delayed continuation or to indicate a contrast:  Plà ¶tzlich - eine unheimliche Stille. B. German uses a dash to indicate a change in the speaker when there are no quotation marks:Karl, komm bitte doch her! - Ja, ich komme sofort. C. German uses a dash or long dash in prices where English uses double zero/naught: â‚ ¬5,- (5.00 euros)

Platos Aristocracy and Tyranny Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Platos Aristocracy and Tyranny - Term Paper Example Aristocracy generally refers to a form of government that belongs to combined nobility, hereditary ruling, landed gentry, and a superior group which often thought to be ruled by the best. 1 In the context of The Republic, the ideal state itself Plato called is "aristocracy" (aristos, "best," and krateà ®n, "to rule"), ruled by the best and the guiding principle of this state is the reason of the philosophers (Ross, 2005). It embodies the wisdom of philosopher-kings [Aristocracy†¦] Plato’s affinity for aristocracy may be initially traced from Plato’s family background.   Plato is known to be a son of a wealthy influential Athenian couple who were highly prominent in the aristocratic circle. His articulation on the details of his ideal Aristocracy is definitely influenced not only by the status of his parents but also of himself who was raised and grew in the aristocratic environment. Another factor that may have contributed to Plato’s affinity towards aris tocracy is following the execution of Socrates which took place while a democratic form of government was in place at Athens.   Kreis cited that:Socrates was charged for impiety. Although Socrates was neither a heretic nor an agnostic, there was prejudice against him. Socrates managed to provoke hostility among Athenians and eventually, they executed him.   Socrates execution has devastated Plato, his prime student. Further added, Socrates wrote nothing himself. It was through the writings of his closest friends, Xenophon and Plato that people learned about him.

Program Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program Theory - Assignment Example To successfully carry out evaluation on this program, data collection was very crucial. The research methods that were applied in the data collection process included observation and use of semi-structured interviews by the research assistants (Chen, Wan & Lin, 1997). These two methods fall under the wider qualitative techniques that are deemed efficient in uncovering the people’s experience to different situations. In addition, the data collection methods did not require many participants hence making it less costly to carry out. The main drawback of the research method is the fact that the participation of only a section of the population (residents of Nei-fu) made it hard to draw statistical inferences to the rest of the country. My program the non-infectious diseases reduction program is derived from the Centers for Disease Control whose main goal is to protect public health. The main aim of this program will be to encourage outdoor sports activities meant to keep a person physically fit and free from lifestyle diseases. Some of the components of this particular evaluation that would be useful in my program evaluation are both the process and outcome evaluation. This will help in the determination of the success of implementation of the program based on the observed outcome. It will only be possible to conduct the program evaluation after a specific period of time in order to establish whether participants of the program have been able to adopted healthy lifestyles or behaviors during their engagement in outdoor sporting activities. Since changing a person’s behavior takes a while, the considerable time to conduct the evaluation is after four

Maternal Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maternal Obesity - Essay Example The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports reveals that at the beginning stage of pregnancy, one in five women are obese. Hence reducing obesity during, before, and after the pregnancy should be considered as a matter of public health importance. The obesity in pregnancy has been rapidly increasing and has now become a common risk obstetric condition in many countries. The reason for the health organizations to take extra care in the issue of maternal obesity is that the consequences of it are high and associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and hypertensive disorders and also causes for gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean delivery, and increased risk for obesity of the child. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) As Rivis and Sheeran (2003) explain, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and explains the three predicator of behavior – attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude refers the beliefs of an individual about the outcomes of the behavior mixed with an evaluation of the significance of these outcomes. The Theory of Planned Behavior is somewhat similar to the Health Belief Model. ... The results explain that both models were able to predict an important part in the variance of dieting and fasting follow-up behavior. The direct aspect of the perceived control evaluates the extent of access that the individuals believe to have in formulating the behavior question. On the other hand, the indirect aspect of perceived control is normally obtained by assessing some definite aspects, called control beliefs, which have the capability both to make it easier and to make it difficult to achieve a behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior analysis reports no direct connection between the intention to eat healthfully and eating behavior. Besides, age, gender, and BMI were the important factors forming the response of the people. The TPB is formulated on the idea that the stronger the intention to carry out a provided behavior, the greater the chance that a person will execute that behavior. The results from the various studies prove that TPB is helpful in predicting the factor s that are directly connected with healthy eating behavior. Many factors lead to healthy eating behaviors, and the TPB can be used as a tool to formulate intervention strategies to promote healthy eating habits among the youth, especially the women who are more faced with the risk of obesity and overweight. Other factors such as attitude, barriers, are subjective norm which have chances to influence the eating behaviors, are also added to the model of TBP. At last, the suggestion is towards the parents to take reasonable care in maintaining a healthy eating habit for their children. Social and Cultural factors affecting the maternal Obesity. The causes behind the obesity are multifaceted and consist of social, cultural, genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Generally, obesity

Islamic fund structure Essay Example for Free

Islamic fund structure Essay Introduction The concept of Islamic fund and banking system is developing over a period of couple of decades now. It could be mentioned that Islamic banking is a different approach to conventional banking and financial institutions. This is because the fundamentals of the Islamic fund, banking and financial specifications that based on the religious norms and regulations. It could also be mentioned that behind the formulation of Islamic banking and financial institutions the major reasons were instrumented by demography, historical and political influences. The major financial instrument of the Islamic funds and banking along with financial institutions could be enumerated as Sukuks. The term Sukuk is an Arabic word that is identical to the aspects of a financial instrument and is an equivalent instrument such as a bond under Islamic perspective of banking. But contrary to the usual financial instrument Sukuk is different as there are no fixed incomes as under the laws of Islam interests are seen as a crime. Therefore as an alternative it has been instrumented to use such non tangible or tangible assets that are could be classified according to the basic non tradability or tradability. But once again, under the principals of Islam these formulations could only be used in the secondary market. According to the estimation of the ‘Islamic Banking and Financial Institutions: The Progress and Probability’ published in 2005, there are around $521 billion worth of financial assets that are circulating in the fiscal market as per year ending March 2005. The entire amount of this investment regulated by principals of Islamic investment plans it could be enumerated that the entire procedure is regulated by the moral and spiritual obligations of the ‘Shari’ah’. Therefore it is seen that the Islamic financials instruments traded on GCC financials markets are huge and there are a number of countries who regularly uses this form of banking. The countries can be enumerated as USA, UK, Yemen, UAE, Turkey, Tunisia, Switzerland, Sudan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Qatar, Palestine, Pakistan and around 150 countries all over the world. Malaysia is one of the key player of this form of banking. Dallah Al Baraka (Malaysia) Holding Sdn Bhd, Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank), Kuala Lumpur, Islamic banking Takaful Dept, Bank Negara Malaysia, United Malayan Banking Corp. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Labuan Offshore Financial Services Authority (LOFSA) and Lembaga Urusan Dan Tabung Haji (Fund), Kuala Lumpur are the few most important financial institutions of the country. The financial institutions that that deal with the instruments can be enumerated as International Islamic Financial Markets, Mudaraba Companies, Takaful Companies (These are basically insurance companies), Islamic Mortgage Companies, Islamic Windows, Islamic Investment Funds and Banks and Islamic Banks. Under these institutions there are different plans such as Mudaraba which are basically Capital trust financing where the basic implementation is the contact which accumulates the capital along with the cost. However there are also other schemes that are marked up. Then there are also other plans under which leasing comes into consideration. This called Ijara. There is also another technique that is defined Ijara wa Iktin wa which is basically the contract of hire purchase. The basic limitations of these plans are based on the contracts between the parties but the over all scenarios are based on the principals of Islam where a financial instrument like Musharaka is treated as long termed investment under the parameters of equity arrangement. The capital supplied in this case is the bank and the clients. The profit in this case is shared among the concerned parties in according to prior agreement whereas the loss is shared in accordance to the capital invested. On the other hand another financial instrument like Mudaraba is treated as a financial credit on a short termed basis. Here the capital is supplied by the bank and the investor. The profit in this case is shared among the concerned parties in accordance to the agreed ratio and the loss is bearded by the investor alone. Therefore it could be termed that the advantages and the disadvantages along with the limitations of the market are based on different aspect of the Islamic law but in an over all sense this system is working quite well and the turn over and the volume of the entire formulation seems to develop over time. Further more it can be enumerated that the success of the GCC market is not only based on the religious beliefs but it has its financial values too that enables the uses to enjoy certain notion of tax free up to a limit and it works fine under controlled environment of the finance sector. However, the parameters of Establishing Islamic Fund to issue Islamic Bonds for Infrastructure Projects lies in the feasibility section of the economic aspects that are juxtaposed with social and international image. Aim The focal point of this research proposal is Establishing Islamic Fund to issue Islamic Bonds for Infrastructure Projects. There have been numerous research papers that have discussed other impacts such as financial, social, political and economic impact of Infrastructure Projects. Methodology and literature review in this regard would be carried out in order to evaluate the strategies from different parameters and they will be compared with each other. The strategy evaluation will vary in size, audience and theme. To analyse the strategies and their success and failure realisation, questionnaires will be used to gather key primary data amongst participants. The questionnaire will be used to measure the perception of the participants and the residents of the communities in which these events are being held. Administrators, managers and customers will also be interviewed to determine the results and objectives that were achieved by the implementation of the strategy. Objective The objective of the paper would be specific yet wide spread. Out of the several related itineraries of the paper it would be specifically noted that stress is given towards identifying potential Infrastructure Projects by Islamic Funds analysis of their successes and failures of their strategy. Alongside it would also be formulated to identify Key Consultants within the establishments and their effects as a whole. Market trends and growth would be analyzed closely and evaluated accordingly to estimate the overall potential of the events. It would also be seen that proper emphasis is provided about the research entry barriers to English and international market and how to penetrate. Lastly, the compilations of database of market sector would be made along with proper notes that would identify head of events and its financial fall outs and provide the estimated details. In this context it would be relevant to mention that marketing is one of the most important aspects for a business to grow and from a managerial point of view it is the most involved factor in the aspect of business development. This is a market research and business development along with feasibility project where the research would be able to contribute based on the experience and learns from the process. The objective would be based on the opportunity of primary research on the market and obtain real world information through interfacing directly with the client organization and its customers. Background There are several aspects behind the motion of Establishing Islamic Fund to issue Islamic Bonds for Infrastructure Projects. This should be thoroughly dealt in this section. The insects of racial discrimination, the curse of civilization, are gradually eating up out society, dissolving harmony and affection, transforming human being in weapons of carnage. Thus the society no longer remains a better place to live in. Islamophobe is a contentious neologism distinct by some as a chauvinism in opposition to, or demonization of, Muslims. The expression is documented in use as early as 1976, but came into greater prevalence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The expression’s use has become greater than before since the September 11, 2001 attacks. It can be mentioned that this is an irrational paranoia that needs to be eradicated from the face of the earth in order to make life a bit peaceful. British authors and intellectuals like Kenan Malik have condemned the perception, calling it an allegory. According to Malik this concept bamboozles prejudice in opposition to Muslims with denigration of Islam, and is applied to silence detractors of the religion, as well as Muslims who intend to reform it. Novelist Salman Rushdie and many others signed a proclamation in March 2006, which deemed Islamophobe a desolate perception that perplexes disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Danish politician Bashy Quraishy has mentioned that islamophobe and anti-Semitism are two faces of the same coin. In the yrar1996 the Runnymede Trust, an autonomous anti-racist think tank in the United Kingdoms, recognized the assignment on British Muslims and Islamophobe, headed by Professor Gordon Conway, the vice-chancellor of the University of Sussex. According to the report launched in November 1997 by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, Islamophobe can be considered as a challenge for the society as a whole. It portrayed Islamophobe as concerning eight idiosyncratic characteristics such as Islam is considered as a monolithic bloc, static and insensitive to alterations. It is observed as separate and other. It does not have principles in familiar with other ethnicities, is not pretentious by them and even does not influence them. It is perceived as substandard to the West. It is observed as barbaric, unreasonable, primordial, and sexist. It is seen as brutal, violent, intimidating, encouraging of terrorism, and affianced in a clash of civilizations. It is observed as a political philosophy, designed for political or military benefit. Condemnations made of the West by Islam are discarded out of hand. Antagonism towards Islam is used to give explanation for prejudiced practices in the direction of Muslims and segregation of Muslims from conventional society. Anti-Muslim resentment is seen as usual and normal. In 1997 the British Runnymede Trust made it clear that Islamophobe as the observation that Islam has no ethics in common with other cultures, is substandard to the West, is an aggressive political ideology instead of being a religion, that its disparagement of the West have no essence, and that prejudiced practices against Muslims are justified as such. Despite the fact that Muslims do not comprise a race in isolation, the submission is that many Europeans and North Americans have an inaccurate discernment of Muslims as composing a separate a race, which in he words of Khyati Joshi is radicalization of religion. On the other hand, Muslims may be perplexed with Arabs, even though the mainstream of the worlds Muslims are not Arabs. There are several causes behind Islamophobe the prime among them is to perplex disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Sociologists have time and again argued that there was a swing in forms of chauvinism in the 1990s from race-based discrimination to inequity based on culture and religion. In 2004, Anja Rudiger, Executive director of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, made it clear in an Oxford conference on Muslims in Europe that, ever since the 9/11 attacks, religion had outshined race as the most important focal point of divergence, and that an individuals religion was now looked upon as one and the same with their background. In the case of Muslims, this showed the way to another dimension of chauvinism, Rudiger argued, in that European Muslims were observed as signifying an amalgamated culture relatively different from European society, one that is strappingly correlated to certain non-European states. From Rudigers perspective, such observations are element of the course of action of classifying Islam as Europes other. Due to Islamophobe instead of engaging Muslims in debate, non-Muslims are hypothetical to sneak around them, for fear of causing felony. There are several alleged acts of Islamophobia, such as Dr Amanda Wise and Ghali Hassan from GlobalResearch. ca have assumed that the 2005 Cronulla insurrection were the consequence of an atmosphere of Islamophobe in Australia. Dalil Boubakeur, a director of a Paris mosque illustrated the wreckage on a Mosque, referred to the burning of a Muslim Sanctuaries, attacks on hijabi Muslim women all over the world as Islamophobic. Muslim activists alleged that the Forest Gate anti terror raid in London was Islamophobic. France, which has a strong secular institution separating church from State, was accused of Islamophobe when the decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was approved, which prohibits the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in public schools. In a February 10, 2004 accounted by Al Jazeera the head of the Party of Frances Muslims, Muhammad Latreche in analysing the French decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was referenced as mentioning that the legislation would, institutionalise Islamophobe. In Germany, the state of Baden-Wurttemberg has anticipated set of laws that necessitate citizenship applicants from the member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference to answer enquiries concerning their outlook on domestic aggression and other religious subjects. A BBC assessment taken in the summer of 2004 estimated that employment applicants with Muslim names were far less probable to be called for an interview than applicants whose names did not appear to be Muslim. There have been efforts in opposition to supposed Islamophobe by several organizations in various countries through out the globe. In 2006 the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was set up as an observatory body on Islamophobe. This will keep an eye on and document activities professed as Islamophobic around the planet. Throughout the attainment talks on the subject of Turkey’s probable entry to the EU, then Prime Minister of Holland, Jan Peter Balkenende, made it clear that Islamophobe must not have an effect on the possibility of Turkeys access to the European Union. 50,000 people signed an appeal urging French President Jacques Chirac to deem Islamophobe as a new form of racism, punishable by decree. In the UK several methods directed towards limiting Islamophobe have been set up. In Tower Hamlets, a heavily populated area in London, a misdemeanour reporting system called Islamophobe† has been set up which police expect will increase consciousness of Islamophobe and facilitate them to recognize the extent of the dilemma. The British National Union of Teachers (NUT) has issued guidelines to teachers and recommending them to Challenge Islamophobe, as they have a fundamental character to play in helping to dismiss myths about Muslim communities. In 2006 the Catholic Mission Austria and the Islamic Denomination Austria formed a platform called Christians and Muslims, which endeavours against stereotypes and antagonism and intends to augment lenience and admiration. In 1991 the Islamic Culture Foundation (FUNCI) prepared, in association with UNESCO and the Institut du Monde Arabe of Paris, a worldwide symposium concerning the involvement of Islamic Civilization in European Culture. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan issued a call in 1999 to world influential to fight Islamophobe. The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) organized a colloquium on how to fight Islamophobe. History helps out us to identify ourselves, recognize who we are and be acquainted with the origin where we come from. We over and over again shrink back from hearing about our chronological times of yore for the reason that so much of it is excruciating. Islamophobe is a dejected perception that perplexes disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Islamophobe, a myth or a kind of racism, obfuscates bias in opposition to Muslims with disparagement of Islam and that it is used to quieten detractors and Muslim reformers. But the best and fast method of assimilation into the world mainstream is economy and if the Islamic institutions are able to indulge itself in the main stream of the global economy then the possibility becomes quite high that these unwanted trends would end. Thus it is important for Establishing Islamic Fund to issue Islamic Bonds for Infrastructure Projects. But why Infrastructure Projects? The answer is simple. Once the finance runs into the parameters of infrastructure the entire influence becomes relevant to overall development as it is seen in the case of Dubai. According to a report from the Washington Times (2006), Dubai’s economy grew at around 16 per cent in the year 2005. Dubai Department of Economic Development estimated that the economy is worth $ 37 billion. The growth rate of the emirate had beaten the growth rate of China which is 8. 5 per cent. Mohammed Ali Alabhar had stated in the Washington Times The dominating industry in the emirate is the Petroleum. The wealth gained from the industry is invested in capital improvements and social services in the whole seven emirates. Production of Petroleum is concentrated in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The Industrial Development is associated with the petroleum gains and is limited by the trained manpower that the country has and the raw materials. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the UAE grew by 5. 7% in 2004 having a value of $ 63. 67 Billion. The oil industry had contributed 38 percent up from 34 percent in the year 2002. Other areas that Dubai is concentrated on are the tourism and its real estate properties. Mohammed Ali Alabbar, the director of the Department of Economic Development (DED), stated that the economy of Dubai will be sustained over the long term. He further noted that as compared to the $17 billion value in the year the 2000, the accumulated growth in the last decade is among the highest rate of growth in the world. Alabbar associated this economic growth to the diversification policy of the emirate. The establishment of transparent policies that had supported and encouraged private enterprises has given the economy further confidence. The government initiatives had also enabled a continuous inflow of foreign capital, it is expected that this inflow would be maintained. Since Dubai is located in between Africa and the Middle East and also between the Far East and Europe, it had created a gateway for the 1. 5 Million consumers in the countries surrounding the Red sea and the Gulf. Its infrastructure had become an important factor in the global transport and distribution system. The emirate has 170 shipping lines inside its emirates and more than 86 airlines offers links to over 100 cities worldwide. This shows a strong shipping and transporting sector in the emirate. The sector is mostly composed of leading regional and international freight forwarders, insurers and shipping agents. The emirate also boasts its rapidly developing high quality manufacturing sector and a prosperous domestic market. All its infrastructures and services can match with the international standards. Thus like Dubai the entire Islamic world can emerge from alleged fundamentalist mode with Establishment of Islamic Fund to issue Islamic Bonds for Infrastructure Projects.